International Business and Trade. WTO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Business and Trade. WTO - Essay Example The widest application of the protectionist movement is in the incubation of new industries which by themselves cannot survive the harsh realities if the competitive market, the idea being the protection will be withdrawn once the company is established (Iowa State university, n.d.). This concept is however extended in modern times and as captured by the events of the case study evolved to be proactive rather than reactive, where we see that the European Countries, namely France, Germany, Spain and Great Britain formed an alliance whose sole purpose was to gather enough capital to birth and sustain an aircraft manufacturing business with enough resources to effectively compete with the hitherto world monopoly of US based Boeing, the result of which was the birth of Airbus (Holmes, 2004). Given its current market strength, Boeing was enjoying vast economies of scale thus posing a significant barrier to entry to any interested private firm, and in the absence of competitive forces, concentrated more in research and development rather than marketing, and thus when they interfered with this monopoly power, the European governments eroded Boeing's potential returns from its investment, thus interfering with the market mechanism, and hence the first issue/conflict of the study. The second issue has to do with the governments' support of private enterprise, especially as it relates to the struggle that exists between one side trying to eliminate while the other struggles to sustain a major world monopoly. As mentioned above the aircraft industry is extensively capital intensive, and whatever labour is involved is highly skilled and specialized, as evidenced by the investments in Research and Development by both sides of the conflict presented in the study. The world authority on trade, the World Trade Organization clearly prohibits the support of private enterprise by governments and other public entities. Differences in terms of reference is also a major issue that has been highlighted in the case study. The Americans do not consider the massive government contracts that were awarded to Boeing as any form of government support, that is they argue that they did not interfere with the market but rather only participated in it, in a willing buyer willing seller fashion. This is of course in sharp contrast with the Europeans' initial direct capital investment into Airbus, let alone the continuing capital inflows into the company for continuing research and development in the form of very soft loans. The effect of governments' activities on both sides is basically the same, essentially to strengthen the respective aircraft manufacturers, therefore the argument lies in channels through which support was availed, rather than whether it was actually availed or not. The relation of the above activities to protectionism is where we find on one side a government being the largest and most lucrative domestic customer to the company, thereby not only preventing any foreign competition in the domestic market, but also propelling it into world dominance (fulfilling the mercantilist view of what protectionism is all about) and preventing other foreign nations from producing the same product and

The Ecology Environment And Tourism Tourism Essay

The Ecology Environment And Tourism Tourism Essay Today, tourism is one of the largest and dynamically developing sectors of external economic activities. Its high growth and development rates, considerable volumes of foreign currency inflows, infrastructure development, and introduction of new management and educational experience actively affect various sectors of economy, which positively contribute to the social and economic development of the country as a whole. Most highly developed western countries, such as Austria, Italy, and Switzerland have accumulated a big deal of their social and economic welfare on profits from tourism. According to recent statistics, tourism provides about 10% of the worlds income and employs almost one tenth of the worlds workforce. All considered, tourisms actual and potential economic impact is astounding. Many people emphasize the positive aspects of tourism as a source of foreign exchange, a way to balance foreign trade, an industry without chimney In short, manna from heaven. But there are also a number of other positive and negative sides of tourisms economic boom for local communities, which not always considered by advocates of tourism perspectives. Therefore in this paper I will consider the main social and environment impacts of tourism at the country level. Travel and tourism does not necessarily involve travelling abroad. Much tourism takes place within peoples home country, on visits to attractions, city breaks, trips to business meetings, sports events or concerts, and visits to friends and relatives (abbreviated as VFR). There are three main types of tourism: domestic tourism, incoming or inbound tourism and outbound tourism. According to World Tourism Organisation (WTO) affiliated to the United Nations and recognised as the leading international body on global tourism tourism is defined as: The activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. World Tourism Organisation, 1993 Domestic Tourism: This is when people take holidays, short breaks and day trips in their own country. Examples would be: A couple taking a weekend break in their own country; A family visiting relations in another part of the country, even if they live only a few miles away. Incoming / Inbound Tourism: This describes people entering the country in question from their home country, so it is a type of international tourism. Examples could be: A group of Chinese visitors coming to Egypt on a recreational trip; Teams from different countries entering a country for an international event, such as the Olympic Games; Outbound Tourism: This term applies when people travel away from their home country to visit other international countries for leisure or business. Examples of this could be: Business people from the India travelling to Germany to visit a major exhibition; A day tripper from southern Malaysia visiting Singapore. It is possible to divide the components of the travel and tourism industry into six key areas, as represented in the Figure below, IMPACTS OF TOURISM Tourism has three major impacts namely, Socio-cultural, environmental and economic impacts. SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACT OF TOURISM Tourism may have many different effects on the social and cultural aspects of life in a particular region or area, depending on the cultural and religious strengths of that region. The interaction between tourists and the host community can be one of the factors that may affect a community as tourist may not be sensitive to local customs, traditions and standards. The effect can be positive or negative on the host community. Positive impacts on an area include benefits such as: Local community can mix with people from diverse backgrounds with different lifestyles which through demonstration effect may lead to the development of improved lifestyles and practices from the tourists examples. There can be an improvement in local life through better local facilities and infrastructure (developed to sustain tourism) which could lead to better education, health care, employment opportunities and income. More cultural and social events available for local people such as entertainment, exhibitions etc. Conservation of local and cultural heritage of an area and rebirth of its crafts, architectural traditions and ancestral heritage; Urban areas which may be in decline can be revived and the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas for employment may be reversed as jobs will be available in the tourism industry. Dubai is an ideal example of a tourist destination which has reaped the benefits of the positive impact of development, on the socio-cultural aspects of in the country. As noticed, considerable financial investment by both public and private sectors has resulted in development of the existing infrastructure and to job creation. Archaeological and heritage sites have been preserved, and local traditions are maintained. The hospitable culture of the Arab world and acceptance of others lifestyles implying that tourists are welcomed but do not threaten existing ways of life. However, tourism may have negative effects on an area, such as, Existing infrastructure (roads, railways, health care provision) may not be able to cope with the greater stress created by influx of people by tourism. Local populations activities and lifestyles may suffer intrusion from tourists leading to resentment towards tourists. The local population may copy lifestyles of tourists through the demonstration effect and the result could be loss to local customs and traditions as well as standards of behaviour. Increased crime could develop through decline in moral values, leading to greed and jealousy of wealthier visitors. Traditional industries may be lost and local goods substituted by imported and mass-produced goods which lack authenticity but appeal to a mass market. Tourists may act in an anti-social manner which could cause offence to the local population. Unless sufficient information is provided by the host nation and tourist providers on the standards of behaviour expected in that area, local populations come to resent tourists and act aggressively towards them. Language barriers between the tourist and the host community which may create communication problems. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF TOURISM Negative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environments ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat loss, increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to forest fires. It often puts a strain on water resources, and it can force local populations to compete for the use of critical resources. The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. However, tourisms relationship with the environment is complex. It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance. Direct impact on natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable, in the provision of tourist facilities can be caused by the use of land for accommodation and other infrastructure provision, and the use of building materials. Water, and especially fresh water, is one of the most critical natural resources. The tourism industry generally overuses water resources for hotels, swimming pools, golf courses and personal use of water by tourists. This can result in water shortages and degradation of water supplies, as well as generating a greater volume of waste water. Forests often suffer negative impacts of tourism in the form of deforestation caused by fuel wood collection and land clearing. For example, one trekking tourist in Nepal and area already suffering the effects of deforestation can use four to five kilograms of wood a day. In areas with high concentrations of tourist activities and appealing natural attractions, waste disposal is a serious problem and improper disposal can be a major despoiler of the natural environment rivers, scenic areas, and roadsides. Solid waste and littering can degrade the physical appearance of the water and shoreline and cause the death of marine animals. Construction of ski resort accommodation and facilities frequently requires clearing forested land. Coastal wetlands are often drained and filled due to lack of more suitable sites for construction of tourism facilities and infrastructure. These activities can cause severe disturbance and erosion of the local ecosystem, even destruction in the long term. Source: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2001 ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM Tourisms economic benefits are touted by the industry for a variety of reasons. Claims of tourisms economic significance give the industry greater respect among the business community, public officials, and the public in general. This often translates into decisions or public policies that are favourable to tourism. Community support is important for tourism, as it is an activity that affects the entire community. Tourism businesses depend extensively on each other as well as on other businesses, government and residents of the local community. Economic benefits and costs of tourism reach virtually everyone in the region in one way or another. Economic impact analyses provide tangible estimates of these economic interdependencies and a better understanding of the role and importance of tourism in a regions economy. Tourism activity also involves economic costs, including the direct costs incurred by tourism businesses, government costs for infrastructure to better serve tourists, as well as congestion and related costs borne by individuals in the community. Community decisions over tourism often involve debates between industry proponents touting tourisms economic impacts (benefits) and detractors emphasizing tourisms costs. Sound decisions rest on a balanced and objective assessment of both benefits and costs and an understanding of who benefits from tourism and who pays for it. Tourisms economic impacts are therefore an important consideration in state, regional and community planning and economic development. Economic impacts are also important factors in marketing and management decisions. Communities therefore need to understand the relative importance of tourism to their region, including tourisms contribution to economic activity in the area. A variety of methods, ranging from pure guesswork to complex mathematical models, are used to estimate tourisms economic impacts. Studies vary extensively in quality and accuracy, as well as which aspects of tourism are included. Technical reports often are filled with economic terms and methods that non-economists do not understand. On the other hand, media coverage of these studies tend to oversimplify and frequently misinterpret the results, leaving decision makers and the general public with a sometimes distorted and incomplete understanding of tourisms economic effects. Tourism has a variety of economic impacts. Tourists contribute to a destinations sales, profits, jobs, tax revenues, and income. Primary tourism sectors, such as lodging, dining, transportation, amusements, and retail trade, are affected directly: most other sectors are impacted by secondary effects. An economic impact analysis of tourism activity usually focuses on regional tourism-related changes in sales, income, and employment. A standard economic impact analysis traces the path that money takes once it leaves a tourists pocket: this is also referred to as the flows of money from tourism spending. The first flow, (direct effect), is to the businesses and government agencies to which the tourists pay money directly. The money then flows through the economy as: Payments from these direct recipients to their suppliers, Salaries and wages for households who provide labour for tourism or supporting industries, Various government taxes and charges payable by tourists, businesses and households. Continuing the fluid analogy, a leakage occurs when money escapes the economy of a region because a local consumer, (household, business or government), has purchased a product from an outside supplier. DIRECT AND SECONDARY ECONOMIC EFFECTS Economists distinguish direct, indirect and induced economic effects. The total economic impact of tourism is the sum of direct, indirect and induced effects within a region. Indirect and induced effects are sometimes collectively called secondary effects. These impacts or effects may be measured in terms of gross output, sales, income, employment, or value added. Although they are often used somewhat loosely by non-economists, these terms have precise definitions that are important when interpreting economic impact study results. Direct effects, are production changes associated with the immediate effects of changes in tourism expenditures. For example, an increase in the number of tourists staying overnight in hotels would directly increase room sales in the hotel sector. The additional hotel sales and associated changes in hotel payments for wages, salaries, taxes, supplies and services are direct effects of the tourist spending. Indirect effects are the production changes resulting from various rounds of re-spending of the tourism industrys receipts in backward-linked industries. For example, industries supplying products and services to hotels). Changes in sales, jobs and income in the linen supply industry, for example, represent indirect effects of changes in hotel sales. Businesses supplying products and services to the linen supply industry represent another round of indirect effects, eventually linking hotels by varying degrees to most other economic sectors in the region. Induced effects are the changes in economic activity resulting from household spending of income earned directly or indirectly as a result of tourism spending. For example, hotel and linen supply employees supported directly or indirectly by tourism, spend their income in the local region for housing, food, transportation, and the usual array of household product and service needs. The sales, income, and jobs that result from household spending of added wage, salary, or proprietors income are induced effects. Total Economic Impact Total Economic Impact = Direct + Secondary Effects = Direct + (Indirect + Induced Effects) A change in tourist spending can affect virtually every sector of the economy by means of indirect and induced effects. The magnitude of these secondary effects is directly related to the propensity of local businesses and households to purchase from local suppliers. Induced effects are easily visible when a large regional plant closes: supporting industries are hurt by the indirect effects, but the entire local economy usually suffers due to the reduction in regional household income. Retail stores may close, thereby increasing leakages as local consumers turn to outside suppliers. Similar but reversed induced effects are observable when there is a significant increase in regional jobs and household income. INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS An input-output (I-O) model is a mathematical model that describes the flows of money between sectors within a regions economy. Flows are predicted based on the inputs that each industry must buy from every other industry to produce a dollars worth of output. I-O models also determine the proportions of sales that go to wage and salary income, proprietors income, and taxes. Multipliers can be estimated from input-output models based on the estimated re-circulation of spending within the region. Exports and imports are determined based on estimates of the propensity of households and firms to purchase goods and services from local sources (often called RPCs or regional purchase coefficients). The more self-sufficient a region is, the fewer the leakages, so that the multipliers are correspondingly higher. Input-output models make a number of basic assumptions: All firms in a given industry employ the same production technology and produce identical products. There are no economies or diseconomies of scale in production or factor substitution. I-O models are essentially linear: double the level of tourism activity/production and you must double all of the inputs. Analysts generally report the impact estimates as if they represent activity within a single year, although the model does not explicitly keep track of time. One must assume that the various model parameters are accurate and represent the current year. I-O models are firmly grounded in the national system of accounts which relies on a standard industrial classification system (SIC codes), and on various federal government economic censuses in which individual firms report sales, wage and salary payments and employment. I-O models are generally at least a few years out-of-date: this is not usually a problem unless the regions economy has changed significantly. An I-O model represents the regions economy at a particular point in time: tourist spending estimates are generally price adjusted to the year of the model. Multiplier computations for induced effects generally assume that jobs created by additional spending are new jobs involving the movement of new households to the area. Induced effects are computed assuming linear changes in household spending with changes in income. Estimates of induced effects are frequently inflated when these assumptions are not accurate, (for example, when new jobs are staffed by existing residents). As induced effects usually comprise the vast majority of secondary effects of tourism, they should be used with caution. Measuring the Economic Impact of Tourism The economic impacts of tourism are typically estimated by some variation of the simple formula: Defining the Economic Impact of Tourism: Economic Impact of Tourism = # of Tourists * Ave. Spending per Visitor * Multiplier Where # of tourists = numbers of tourists and ave. = average Estimate the change in the number and types of tourists to the region that will result from the proposed policy or action: Estimates or projections of tourist activity generally come from a demand model or some system for measuring levels of tourism activity in an area: economic impact estimates rely on good estimates of the number and types of visitors, which come from carefully designed measurements of tourist activity, a good demand model, or good judgment. This step is usually the weakest link in most tourism impact studies, as few regions have accurate counts of tourists, let alone good models for predicting changes in tourism activity or separating local visitors from visitors who originate outside the region. Estimate average levels of spending (often within specific market segments) of tourists in the local area: Spending averages come from sample surveys or are adapted from other studies. Spending estimates must be based on a representative sample of the population of tourists, and should take into account variations across seasons, market segments or types of tourists, and locations within the study area. As spending can vary widely by type of tourist, we recommend estimating average spending for a set of key tourist segments based on samples of at least 50-100 visitors per tourism segment. Segments should be defined to capture differences in spending between local residents vs. tourists, day users vs. overnight visitors, type of accommodation (motel, campground, seasonal home, with friends and relatives), and type of transportation (car, RV, air, rail, etc.). In broadly-based tourism impact studies, it is useful to identify unique spending patterns of important activity segments such as downhill skiers, boaters, or convention business travellers multiplying the number of tourists by the a verage spending per visitor, (making certain that units are consistent), gives an estimate of total tourist spending in the area. Estimates of tourist spending will generally be more accurate if distinct spending profiles and use estimates are made for key tourism segments. The use and spending estimates are the two most important parts of an economic impact assessment. When combined, they capture the amount of money brought into the region by tourists. Please note: multipliers are needed only if one is interested in the secondary effects of tourism spending. Apply the change in spending to a regional economic model or set of multipliers to determine secondary effects: Secondary effects of tourism are estimated using multipliers, or a model of the regions economy. Multipliers generally come from an economic base or input-output model of the regions economy. Often, multipliers are borrowed improperly or adjusted from published multipliers or other studies. Avoid taking a multiplier estimated for one region and applying it in a region with a quite different economic structure. As a general rule, multipliers are higher for larger regions with more diversified economies. A common error is to apply a state-wide multiplier (since these are more widely published) to a local region. This will yield inflated estimates of local multiplier effects. Stynes, D., (1997). Economic impacts of Tourism. pp. 1-19 Urbana, IL:   University of Illinois,  Cooperative Extension Service bulletin.  

False Consensus Effect :: essays research papers

False Consensus Effect: A Focused Review of Research Categorization and social projection are important ways that people can more successfully navigate their social environment. People need to know that there are others in their in-group that share the same attitudes and behaviors as they do. If people are unable to determine how many people in their environment share their attitudes and behaviors, it would be more difficult to engage in social situations without offending or contradicting others. For this reason, false consensus is an interesting offshoot of this important idea. The false consensus effect refers to the fact that people have a tendency to over-estimate the proportion of the population that shares an attitude or behavior with him or her. Much of the research on false consensus has demonstrated that people tend to over project how many members of their in-group are likely to share their attitudes and behaviors. This effect diminishes when comparing to an out-group. It is thought that this occurs because people feel that people who they do not consider to share a group identity with will likely have different basic attitudes and behaviors than they. An important aspect of the literature is that the vast majority used college students as the primary subjects. While this is extremely convenient for researchers, it may not give us a clear picture about false consensus, in that it is possible that college students' limited "real-world experience" may be influencing their projections. Also, almost all of the behavior measures were taken by self-report. This is somewhat necessary, as many of the behaviors would be difficult to measure directly (e.g., drug use) without a breach of ethics. This too is a source of potential source of error, it is likely that the self-reports would under-estimate the proportion of the population that engages in a particular behavior. The astute reader may notice that this review does not include any papers that did not find a false consensus effect. The reason for this is not that this paper is not representative of the literature, but rather, that it is. The uniformity of the literature suggests that the phenomenon is fairly common. Some interesting arguments as to why this is are motivational or cognitive in nature. The motivational premise is based in the idea that people are motivated to believe that they have a place in their social environment. This argument is a based in self-justification, in that if many people share a given belief or behavior, it makes it easier to justify that this attitude or behavior is either right, or not as bad as it might seem.

The Effect of Different Colored Light on Plant Growth

In the future, I would put different types of plants underneath the same color of cellophane to see if the light had the same effect that it did on the pole mean plants. I would also weigh the plants to find out their overall mass. I would also find out how much sugar is being produced by photosynthesis Cellophane is a thin, transparent sheet made of regenerated cellulose. Its low permeability to air, oils, greases and bacteria makes it useful for food packaging. It's clear, it's handy, and it's wrapped around my candy.The cellophane wrap is one of the most versatile discoveries of the sass. Intended to be a protective textile, the cellophane has since found application in many Industries as a packaging material and as a semi-permeable film. Many people mistake cellophane for plastic. The truth Is the two materials are of completely different composition. Plastic Is a synthetic or semi-synthetic polymer. In contrast, cellophane is a sheet of regenerated cellulose. The only thing that cellophane and plastic have in common is that both materials are usually made into transparent sheets.Uses for cellophane One of the earliest applications for cellophane wrap is for packaging and storage of food products. This specific function of the cellophane remains to this day, even though some Industries have turned to plastic for the same purpose. Nevertheless, the use of cellophane as a packaging material extends beyond food products. Almost all consumer products are able to utilize cellophane for packaging. I nerve are various toner applications Tort cellophane. Oneself tapes, sun as 3 Scotch tape, use cellophane as a base for their products. There are those who use printed cellophane for gift wrapping.Cellophane is also used as a semi-permeable barrier for battery cells. Beauty spas employ cellophane wrap for hair and cellulite treatments. In the realm of medicine, cellophane is also used as semi-permeable tubing for dialysis. With such an impressive track record, people will continue to utilize cellophane as an important material for industry. Article Source: http://Centralizes. Com/4264429 How is it made? Unlike the man-made polymers in plastics, which are largely derived from petroleum, cellophane is a natural polymer made from cellulose, a component of plants and trees.Cellophane is not made from rainforest's trees, but rather from trees farmed and harvested specifically for cellophane production. Cellophane is made by digesting wood and cotton pulps in a series of chemical baths that remove impurities ND break the long fiber chains in this raw material. Regenerated as a clear, shiny film, with plasticizing chemicals added for flexibility, cellophane is still comprised largely of crystalline cellulose molecules. This means that it can be broken down by micro-organisms in the soil Just as leaves and plants are. Is it earth-friendly?Cellulose belongs to a class of compounds known in organic chemistry as carbohydrates. The base unit of cellulose is the glucose molecule. Thousands of these glucose molecules are brought together in the plant growth cycle to form long Haines, termed cellulose. These chains are in turn broken down in the production process to form cellulose film used in either an uncoated or coated form in packaging. When buried, uncoated cellulose film is generally found to degrade within 10 to 30 days; PAID-coated film is found to degrade in 90 to 120 days and nitrocellulose- coated cellulose is found to degrade in 60 to 90 days.Tests have shown that the average total time for complete bio-degradation of cellulose film is from 28 to 60 days for uncoated products, and from 80 to 120 days for coated cellulose products. In lake eater, the rate of bio-degradation is 10 days for uncoated film and 30 days for coated cellulose film. Even materials which are thought of as highly degradable, like paper and green leaves, take longer to degrade than cellulose film products. Conversely, plastics, polyvinyl chloride, polyth ene, polyethylene transliterate, and oriented- polypropylene show almost no sign of degradation after long periods of burial.I Introduction Peachy (Brassier ARPA L. C.v. group Pack Choc') is an erect, biennial herb, cultivate as an annual auto 1 30 m tall In vegetative I Stage. Ovate leaves are ranged spirally and spreading. The petioles are enlarged and grow upright forming a subliminally bundle. I luminescence is a raceme with pale yellow flowers. Seeds are 1 mm in diameter and are reddish to blackish brown in color. I Uses and Nutritional Value I Peachy is used mainly for its immature, but fully expanded tender leaves. The succulent petioles are often the preferred part. It I list used as main ingredient for soup and stir-fried dishes.

Report Writing of Investigatory Project

WRITING A REPORT An investigatory science project ends with a report. This report also known as technical paper, includes the following patterns: A. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This is the list of people who advise the student in undertaking the investigatory project. B. TITLE The title should be able to catch the attention of the reader. It should be concise, descriptive and self-explanatory. It should indicate clearly what the project is about. The phrase â€Å"A Study to Show† should be avoided, because in research you do not seek to prove something but rather to impartially find an answer.C. ABSTRACT This is a short paragraph of not more than 200 to 290 words which give the essential or principal features of the project or study. This should be descriptive or informative enough to present a comprehensive picture of the study. D. INTRODUCTION This section includes the following: 1. Background of the study This presents the reason that led the investigator to launch the study. A historic al background may be given. Or the background of the study may state some observations and other relevant conditions that prompted the investigator to explore the problem.Some questions to guide you while writing this part of the paper are the following: -Why did I select this research project? -Are there others who have done similar studies? -What have others done or not done that move or spurred me to work on this project? -What are my own observations which are relevant to the study? -Will the results of the study make any contribution in the attainment of a better quality of life? 2. Statement of the Problem and Objectives This must state what you aimed to accomplish. Whether the problem is stated in the form of question or declarative statement, always use brief, precise and accurate statements.The objective should be stated positively and in the declarative form. Define the general objective or main problem and the specific objective(s) or sub-problem(s) you are trying to answ er or resolve. State these such that they are definitely and clearly related to the data obtained. 3. significant of the Project State why the study is worth making and how it can contribute to you as an individual, to your community and to your country. 4. Delimitation/Limitations of the Study/Project Delimitation refers to the scope and extent of your study within the subject or topic area.Limitation includes the extent of your knowledge and experience in the area. Moreover, it includes the practical and ethical considerations that affected the way you designed and executed your research plan. 5. Review of Related Literature This part helps the reader of previous studies make on the project’s topic or problem. The basic features of this part are: a. Studies which are related in purpose, method or findings to your present study. b. Summary statements of the studies being reviewed, The summary should show the transitions from earlier to past studies and relationships of previ ous studies to your present project problem. . Pertinent portions of relevant literature. The last name(s) of the author(s) followed by the year of publication in which the information appeared, should be enclosed in parenthesis and given at the end of the statement. E. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Materials and Equipment List down the materials, reagents, chemicals, plants, animals and other experimental units, as well as equipment that were used in performing the experiment. 2. Treatment or General Procedure Describe the procedure in such a way that anyone who is completely unfamiliar with your topic or methods will know exactly what you did.Also, should the reader desire to repeat your research, he can easily do so. It is important to cite the references for the methods or treatment you used and to describe in detail any modification you introduced. You should include the following: the number of trials performed, the variables used, and how you gathered and organized the data. F. OB SERVATIONS/FINDINGS Present clearly and precisely what you observed. The method you used to summarize your data depends on the type of investigation and project you have undertaken. Graphic representations in the forms of diagrams, tables, photographs and slides, etc. re also effective in presenting data. G. ANALYSIS OF DATA Present your analysis of the data. Give the meaning, relationship and significance that the data reveal. H. GENERALIZATION Your interpretation of the data leads you to make some generalizations. You can arrive at these generalizations either by deduction or induction. Present the line of reasoning which led you to these generalizations. I. APPLICATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS State the implications and practical applications of your findings. Several applications may be due to some limitations of your experiment or investigation.At this point, you should suggest any further research which would be an outgrowth of your study. J. BIBILIOGRAPHY List all the references use d in your investigation either alphabetically or in the order of citing in the text of the scientific paper. If the reference is a book, state the author, title, place of publication, publisher, date and pages cited. If the references is a magazine article, state the author, title of the article, name of magazine, date and number of issue and page number. If the internet is used, indicate the website. Passion for Truth and Compassion for Humanity Thanks to Philo for providing this copy.

Shopping Malls Essays

Shopping Malls Essays Shopping Malls Essay Shopping Malls Essay Shopping Malls have been in existence for years. The first purposefully mall built was located in St. Petersburg in 1785. This mall consisted of hundreds of shops that were accessible under one roof. The Oxford Covered Market in Oxford, England was opened in 1774 and continues to be a service to the country. The Arcade of Cleveland was one of the first indoor shopping malls in the United States. This shopping mall set the standards for the shopping malls to come. Malls have been a significant part of our lives and are now a part of our culture. This paper will illustrate how three types of malls are in existence in todays society.Shopping has become a vital part of our culture. Shopping malls were originally designed to attract customers. It now represents more than shopping. Shopping malls represents a way of living, and designed to be both a place to purchase merchandise and also for recreational activity. The designers have created an atmosphere that has truly represented our cult ure. They designed three types of malls that accommodates diversity amongst individuals. Individuals have the opportunity to experience either a traditional shopping mall, a strip mall, or an outlet mall.In a traditional mall, individuals are entirely enclosed and surrounded by a variety of merchants in a contained and secure shopping environment. These types of malls consists of department stores, stand-alone stores, kiosks, and food courts. Over the years, these malls have developed a new attraction to the eyes of all ages. They have become a place for entertainment. The traditional mall has been afforded movie theaters, large chain restaurants, various skating rinks, merry-go-rounds and trains, andindoor playgrounds. These types of malls attract individuals from all walks of life and ages that like to not only shop but also enjoy a night at the movies or while shopping, allowing their children to have a blast on the train or playground.A strip mall is an open area where there are several stores located in that specific area that share a common parking lot. Strip malls are generally located in towns and cities that are very accessible to nearby neighborhoods and other strip malls. These types of malls have stores such as grocery stores, dollar stores, video rental stores, and bookstores. A strip mall could also have a well known large store like Wal-Mart or Target. These are usually called a power center. Also located around the strip malls are fast food restaurants, cafes, and coffee-shops like Starbucks. Strip malls are great for convenience. These types of malls are generally sought out if you need to get everyday necessities such as food, general items, and simple entertainment options.On the other hand, there is the outlet mall. In the past, an outlet store was attached to a factory or warehouse. At that time, customers were allowed to watch how the products were made and then able to purchase them in the adjoining store. Presently, outlet malls are eit her in an enclosed environment or an open area outside. The stores are typically name brand stores like Guess, Levis, and Hollister. The outlet type of store have reduced their prices on their products for various reasons such as past season merchandise or overstock in their traditional stores. Presently, outlet malls are very popular due to severals reasons such as accessibility and the economy. These types of malls generally attract all types of individuals at all age levels.Malls do standardize the way of shopping by bringing together all the wants and need of our society. Malls have been designed to attract consumers in different ways. They serve as a place to purchase products and services that needed and wanted. They also serve as social functions that provide entertainment for consumers of all ages. Malls represent more than shopping. They represent a way of living, and have created an atmosphere that represent our culture and the our way of life.

Civil War Admiral David G. Farragut

Civil War Admiral David G. Farragut David Farragut - Birth Early Life: Born July 5, 1801, in Knoxville, TN, David Glasgow Farragut was the son of Jorge and Elizabeth Farragut. Jorge, a Minorcan immigrant during the American Revolution, was a merchant captain as well as a cavalry officer in the Tennessee militia. Naming his son James at birth, Jorge soon moved the family to New Orleans. While residing there, he aided the father of future Commodore David Porter. Following the elder Porters death, the commodore offered to adopt young James and train him as a naval officer in gratitude for the services rendered to his father. In recognition of this, James changed his name to David. David Farragut - Early Career War of 1812: By joining the Porter family, Farragut became foster brothers with the other future leader of the Union Navy, David Dixon Porter. Receiving his midshipmans warrant in 1810, he attended school, and later sailed aboard USS Essex with his adopted father during the War of 1812. Cruising in the Pacific, Essex captured several British whalers. Midshipman Farragut was given command of one of the prizes and sailed it to port before rejoining Essex. On March 28, 1814, Essex lost its main topmast while leaving Valparaiso and was captured by HMS Phoebe and Cherub. Farragut fought bravely and was wounded in the battle. David Farragut - Post-War Personal Life: Following the war, Farragut attended school and made two cruises to the Mediterranean. In 1820, he returned to home and passed his lieutenants exam. Moving to Norfolk, he fell in love with Susan Marchant and married her in 1824. The two were married for sixteen years when she died in 1840. Moving through a variety of posts, he was promoted to commander in 1841. Two years later, he married Virginia Loyal of Norfolk, with whom he would have a son, Loyall Farragut, in 1844. With the outbreak of the Mexican-American War in 1846, he was given command of USS Saratoga, but saw no major action during the conflict. David Farragut - War Looms: In 1854, Farragut was at dispatched to California to establish a naval yard at Mare Island near San Francisco. Working for four years, he developed the yard into the US Navys premier base on the west coast and was promoted to captain. As the decade drew to a close, the clouds of civil war began to gather. A Southerner by birth and residence, Farragut decided that if a peaceful separation of the country were to occur, that he would consider remaining in the South. Knowing that such a thing would not be permitted to happen, he declared his allegiance to the national government and moved his family to New York. David Farragut - Capture of New Orleans: On April 19, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln declared a blockade of the Southern coast. To enforce this edict, Farragut was promoted to Flag Officer and sent aboard USS Hartford to command the West Gulf Blockading Squadron in early 1862. Charged with eliminating Confederate commerce, Farragut also received orders to operate against the Souths largest city, New Orleans. Assembling his fleet and a flotilla of mortar boats at the mouth of the Mississippi, Farragut began scouting the approaches the city. The most formidable obstacles were Forts Jackson and St. Philip as well as a flotilla of Confederate gunboats. After approaching the forts, Farragut ordered the mortar boats, commanded by his step brother David D. Porter, to open fire on April 18. After six days of bombardment, and a daring expedition to cut a chain stretched across the river, Farragut ordered the fleet to move forward. Steaming at full speed, the squadron raced passed the forts, guns blazing, and safely reached the waters beyond. With Union ships in their rear, the forts capitulated. On April 25, Farragut anchored off New Orleans and accepted the citys surrender. Shortly thereafter, infantry under Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler arrived to occupy the city. David Farragut - River Operations: Promoted to rear admiral, the first in US history, for his capture of New Orleans, Farragut began pressing up the Mississippi with his fleet, capturing Baton Rouge and Natchez. In June, he ran the Confederate batteries at Vicksburg and linked up with the Western Flotilla, but was unable to take the city due to a lack of troops. Returning to New Orleans, he received orders to steam back to Vicksburg to support Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grants efforts to capture the city. On March 14, 1863, Farragut attempted to run his ships by the new batteries at Port Hudson, LA, with only Hartford and USS Albatross succeeding. David Farragut - Fall of Vicksburg and Planning for Mobile: With only two ships, Farragut began patrolling the Mississippi between Port Hudson and Vicksburg, preventing valuable supplies from reaching Confederate forces. On July 4, 1863, Grant successfully concluded his siege of Vicksburg, while Port Hudson fell on July 9. With the Mississippi firmly in Union hands, Farragut turned his attention to the Confederate port of Mobile, AL. One of the largest remaining ports and industrial centers in the Confederacy, Mobile was defended by Forts Morgan and Gaines at the mouth of Mobile Bay, as well as by Confederate warships and large torpedo (mine) field. David Farragut - Battle of Mobile Bay: Assembling fourteen warships and four ironclad monitors off Mobile Bay, Farragut planned to attack on August 5, 1864. Inside the bay, Confederate Adm. Franklin Buchanan had the ironclad CSS Tennessee and three gunboats. Moving toward the forts, the Union fleet suffered the first loss when the monitor USS Tecumseh struck a mine and sank. Seeing the ship go down, USS Brooklyn paused, sending the Union line into confusion. Lashing himself to Hartfords rigging to see over the smoke, Farragut exclaimed Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead! and led his ship into the bay with the rest of fleet following. Charging through the torpedo field without any losses, the Union fleet poured into the bay to do battle with Buchanans ships. Driving away the Confederate gunboats, Farraguts ships closed on CSS Tennessee and battered the rebel vessel into submission. With Union ships in the bay, the forts surrendered and military operations against the city of Mobile began. David Farragut - End of the War and Aftermath In December, with his health failing, the Navy Department ordered Farragut home for a rest. Arriving in New York, he was received as a national hero. On December 21, 1864, Lincoln promoted Farragut to vice admiral. The next April, Farragut returned to duty serving along the James River. Following the fall of Richmond, Farragut entered the city, along with Maj. Gen. George H. Gordon, just prior to President Lincolns arrival. After the war, Congress created the rank of admiral and immediately promoted Farragut to the new grade in 1866. Dispatched across the Atlantic in 1867, he visited the capitals of Europe where he was received with the highest honors. Returning home, he remained in the service despite declining health. On August 14, 1870, while vacationing at Portsmouth, NH, Farragut died of a stroke at the age of 69. Buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in New York, over 10,000 sailors and soldiers marched in his funeral procession, including President Ulysses S. Grant.