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Socialization Definition EssaySocialization Lifelong (process) friendly experience by which deal develop their human potential learn horticulture spirit A persons fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking and feelingThe social Sciences The role of Nurture* Psychologist John B Watson developed a theory called behaviorism, which holds that deportment is not instinctive notwithstanding learned. (Nature not nurture) * Nurture is our natureStudies of non human primates* Psychologist Harry and Margaret placed rhesus monkeys (surprisingly there behaviour is alike(p) as humans) in various conditions of social isolation * They found that complete isolation for 6 months seriously disturbs the monkeys outgrowth * Infant monkeys in cages with an faux mother made of wire with wooden head they survived by could not interact with others when placed in a group. * Harlows concluded it is important that adults rocker babes affectionately. * Infants monkey could recover from ne arly three months of isolation 3 months+ cause serious damage Studies of isolated children * Anna died at the age of 10 with a snag disorder. * Isabelle spoke around 2000 words. At the age of 14 she was in grade 6. * Genie abused by her parents. She was tied to a potty chair at the age of 2. She lives with adults.Sigmund Freuds Elements of geniusLived in Vienna at times when most Europeans considered human behaviour to be biologically fixed. Trained as a physician, Freud gradually turned to the study of personally and mental disorders. Basic Human Needs* Biology plays a major role in human emergence* Humans have two basic needs that are present at birth* 1st sexual and emotional bonding (which is called life instinct) * second death instinct or thanatos (Greek death)* These opposing forces, operating at an unconscious level create deep inner tensionsFreuds Model of Personality* Freud combined basic needs the influence of society into a model of personality with 3 parts * id (La tin word for It) represents the human beings basic drive, which are unconscious demand immediate satisfaction. id is present at birth (newborn demand attention, touching and food). Society oppose the self centered id which is why the number 1 words a child learns is no. * Ego (Latin word for I) A persons conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drives with the demands of society. This develops are we become aware of ourselves and at the same time realize that we cannot have everything we want. * Superego (Latin meaning above or beyond ego) Is the cultural values and norms internalized by an someone. Tells us why we cannot have everything we want. This begins to miscellanea as a child becomes aware of parental demands and matures when a child understands everyones behaviour should take account cultural norms. BALANCEFreuds Model of Personalityid The human beings basic drives Ego a persons conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drives with demands of society Superego the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual Personality Development* If conflicts are not solved during childhood, they may surface as personality disorders later on * Culture in the form of superego, contains selfish demands look beyond their own desires * Sublimation redirects selfish drives into socially acceptable behaviour Marriage = Sex / Sports = angerWhat are the three elements in Freuds Model of personality? Explain how each one operates.Jean Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development Swiss psychologist studied human cognition how people think and understand. (4 make ups) * The sensorimotor stage the level of human using at which individuals experience the world only though their senses. About 2 years infant only knows the world through 5 senses. * The pre operational stage (enter at age 2) The level of human development at which individuals first use linguistic process and other symbols. In this stage, children begin to think about the world mentally and use imagination. (Toy as their fav but cannot explain what kinds of toys they like). They cannot judge size, weight, or volume. ( water cup example, age 5)* The concrete operational stage the level of human development at which individuals first see causal connections in their surround. Around age 7-11 children revolve around on things and why they happen and also attach one more symbol to it. ( My birthday and Monday) * The formal operational stage the level of human development at which individuals think accostly and critically. Around age 12 young people begin to reason in depth. (Teacher and a job that helps others)Sensorimotor stage the level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through (5) senses Pre operational stage The level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols Concrete operational stage the level of human development at which individuals first see causal connections in their s urroundings Formal operational stageThe level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and criticallyWhat are Piagets four stages of cognitive development? What does his theory teach us about socialization?Lawrence Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development (moral reasoning) * Pre conventional how people judge situations as right or wrong (child grabs something shiny on the table CP) individual needs * Conventional Level 2nd stage appears by teen years. People tend to retrogress their selfishness. (stealing to help and stealing a ipad are different) * Post conventional level 3rd stage people move beyond their society norms to consider abstract ethical principles. They think of freedom or justice. (Rosa Parks and racial injustice)What are Kohlbergs three stages of moral development? What does his theory teach us about socialization?Carol Gilligans Theory of Gender and Moral Development* Compared the moral development of girls and boys = 2 genders use different s tandards of rightness * Boys Justice vista formal rules to define right and wrong (stealing is wrong) Girls care responsibility perspective judging situation with a personal relationship (stealing to feed) * Rule based virile reasoning as superior to the Pearson based female approach * Young girls start eager and confident but there self esteem slips away(p) as they pass through adolescence * Why? because of socialization of girlsAccording to Gilligan, how do boys and girls differ in their approach to understating right and wrong?Self the part of an individuals personality composed of self awareness and self imageGeorge Herbert Meads Theory of the Social Self* Developed a theory of social behaviourism to explain how social experience develops an individuals personality * Meads central concept The self. * First the self is not their at birth it develops. Mead jilted the idea that personality is guided by biological drives (Freud said it is). * Second self develops only with so cial experience, as people interact with others. Without interaction, the body grows but no self emerges. * Third social experience is the exchange of symbols. (we attach meaning with wave of hand, smile) * Fourth seeking meaning leads us to imagine the intentions of others. * one-fifth understanding intention requires imagining the situation from the others point of view. (how someone will catch a ball we throw) taking the role of the other)